Immune systems and surgery?
It seems like there is research showing better outcomes (less recurrence/ metastasis) for patients that have strong immune systems: those who have high levels of NK cells, high levels of Vitamin D in their blood, and patients who get nerve blocks as part of their anesthesia, and who don't take opiates during or after surgery. So why aren't these things being integrated into standards of care for surgery? I mentioned the recent study about nerve blocks http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131015191057.htm to my BS (after I had surgery), and asked why I wasn't given this option, and she said they couldn't do nerve blocks with sentinel node biopsies. I find it hard to believe that none of the women in the study had sentinel node biopsies.
Comments
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Here is the abstract from the study:Abstract
Background: Regional anesthesia is known to prevent or attenuate the surgical stress response; therefore, inhibiting surgical stress by paravertebral anesthesia might attenuate perioperative factors that enhance tumor growth and spread. The authors hypothesized that breast cancer patients undergoing surgery with paravertebral anesthesia and analgesia combined with general anesthesia have a lower incidence of cancer recurrence or metastases than patients undergoing surgery with general anesthesia and patient-controlled morphine analgesia.
Methods: In this retrospective study, the authors examined the medical records of 129 consecutive patients undergoing mastectomy and axillary clearance for breast cancer between September 2001 and December 2002.
Results: Fifty patients had surgery with paravertebral anesthesia and analgesia combined with general anesthesia, and 79 patients had general anesthesia combined with postoperative morphine analgesia. The follow-up time was 32 ± 5 months (mean ± SD). There were no significant differences in patients or surgical details, tumor presentation, or prognostic factors. Recurrence- and metastasis-free survival was 94% (95% confidence interval, 87–100%) and 82% (74–91%) at 24 months and 94% (87–100%) and 77% (68–87%) at 36 months in the paravertebral and general anesthesia patients, respectively (P = 0.012).
Conclusions: This retrospective analysis suggests that paravertebral anesthesia and analgesia for breast cancer surgery reduces the risk of recurrence or metastasis during the initial years of follow-up. Prospective trials evaluating the effects of regional analgesia and morphine sparing on cancer recurrence seem warranted.
This mentions axillary clearance so node removal was involved. The sample size is very small and the time period that the patients were followed was fairly short. However the authors do suggest that further trials are warranted. Sounds like a good start! -
Thanks, exbrnxgrl! Here's a study related to the use of ketorolac (an NSAID) during surgery and lower rates of relapse afterwards: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10549-012-2094-5Abstract
To explain a bimodal relapse hazard among early stage breast cancer patients treated by mastectomy we postulated that relapses within 4 years of surgery resulted from something that happened at about the time of surgery to provoke sudden exits from dormant phases to active growth. Relapses at 10 months appeared to be surgery-induced angiogenesis of dormant avascular micrometastases. Another relapse mode with peak about 30 months corresponded to sudden growth from a single cell. Late relapses were not synchronized to surgery. This hypothesis could explain a wide variety of breast cancer observations. We have been looking for new data that might provide more insight concerning the various relapse modes. Retrospective data reported in June 2010 study of 327 consecutive patients compared various perioperative analgesics and anesthetics in one Belgian hospital and one surgeon. Patients were treated with mastectomy and conventional adjuvant therapy. Follow-up was average 27.3 months with range 13–44 months. Updated hazard as of September 2011 for this series is now presented. NSAID ketorolac, a common analgesic used in surgery, is associated with far superior disease-free survival in the first few years after surgery. The expected prominent early relapse events are all but absent. In the 9–18 month period, there is fivefold reduction in relapses. If this observation holds up to further scrutiny, it could mean that the simple use of this safe and effective anti-inflammatory agent at surgery might eliminate most early relapses. Transient systemic inflammation accompanying surgery could be part of the metastatic tumor seeding process and could have been effectively blocked by perioperative anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, antiangiogenic properties of NSAIDs could also play a role. Triple negative breast cancer may be the ideal group with which to test perioperative ketorolac to prevent early relapses. -
Very interesting!
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Fallleaves, this is very interesting. Thanks for posting. -
I really don't get why they are still using opiates for surgery and for pain relief afterwards, when there is evidence that they promote cancer growth and metastasis ( http://www.uchospitals.edu/news/2012/20120321-opioid.html ), and when there are alternatives like the ketorolac that actually reduce rates of relapse, or like methylnaltrexone, that may extend survival time. -
fallleaves - I had a paravertebral block and SNB on both sides.
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Hi Specialk,
Do you mind my asking where your biopsies were done? I had my SNB and lumpectomy at the Breast Center in Columbia, MD, and my surgeon is affiliated with Johns Hopkins. Weird that she's the head of the entire breast center and isn't aware that you can do nerve blocks with SNB. -
Fallleaves - I too had a paravertebral block with SNB on both sides.
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fallleaves - my surgery was done at a community hospital Tampa but my very progressive surgeon had just gone into private practice after being the department head at the only NCI designated cancer center in Florida.
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Hmm, interesting that you both had nerve blocks, SpecialK and peacestrength. I may email my BS and tell her you CAN do it with SNB. I'm always so in awe of Johns Hopkins I assume they know and do the latest on everything, which may not be the case. Thanks for the feedback! -
There are extenuating circumstances as to why these type things can't always be done. The anesthesiologist wanted to do spinal anesthesia to help with post-surgical pain control with my pelvic & omental surgery. The surgeon almost had a fit because anesthesia guy hadn't read my chart to see that I had been on heparin for a PE and could have caused bleeding into my spinal canal and paralized me. -
fallleaves - are you having the SNB alone, or having a breast surgery in addition? I am asking because my bi-lat SNB was done simultaneously with BMX for which I had the block, I wanted to clarify that it was not for the SNB alone. Your sig line is showing a lump/SNB done already, that was what prompted the question.
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SpecialK, no I am (hopefully) finished with surgery. I did have a lumpectomy and SNB together (looks like I forgot to put the SNB in my tag). When I spoke to the nurse case manager before my surgery I told her I wanted "twilight" anesthesia which I believe involves nerve blocks, and she said that would be no problem. Then when I was about to go into surgery I met the anesthesiologist and she basically told me, "No." I wasn't going to argue with her, but when I read that study it irked me that I wasn't given the option of having a nerve block (even with the general anesthesia). So, then I emailed the BS, since she is the head of the breast center, and her response led me to believe you can't do nerve blocks with SNB. I don't know if I'll ever be back there for surgery, but I would hope she will change their practices if it could benefit their future patients. -
fallleaves - It is interesting because as I said I did have a block, and a general, with the BMX with bi-lat SNB, and my BS actually will do this as an outpatient (my insurance did not permit that - because I had TE and a chemo port put in during this surgery they insisted it be in an inpatient facility) and both he and the PS both say people recover faster if they can go home. Because I had 20 IST in my cancer-side sentinel I did require a complete axillary dissection five weeks subsequent to the BMX, as I was Her2+ and both BS and MO insisted on this. They did find a much larger node further up. I was offered the nerve block again for this surgery but it did not involve identifying a sentinel. Since the anesthesiologist is the one doing the nerve block, speaking with that department may garner you more specific information than relying on the BS. Just a thought. Twilight anesthesia does not always come with a block - it is what they use for less invasive procedures like colonoscopy and endoscopy and others - I have had it with both - and sometimes lumpectomy, but I believe they usually use local rather than a block, or maybe both with a lumpectomy?
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SpecialK, you are right, I should contact the anesthesiologist to discuss their practices and the reasoning behind it. Guess I am just avoiding it because she wasn't all that nice! Sounds like you have had a lot more experience with anesthesia than I have (as my son would say, I'm a newb). -
fallleaves - yes, I have had a lot! I had eight surgeries of different kinds prior to being diagnosed with BC, and all kinds of anesthesia, as well as a number of diagnostic tests that also required it. I have had eight surgeries directly related to BC, and will have a couple more, and more than 20 skin cancers removed with a variety of methods. I have had general, spinal, local with twilight, local only, conscious sedation that required cooperation (endoscopy with dilation) - you name it, I've had it. My latest was three skin cancers removed by wide excision and MOHS surgery on my back, with local anesthetic only - they took lumpectomy sized chunks out of my back - about a square inch, and each incision is about 2" long, so that was an interesting process because I was wide awake and could feel the tugging and pulling and the cauterization. I look like a roadmap, lol!
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Wow, SpecialK, you definitely qualify as an anesthesia expert! You must have strong nerves to have found the skin cancer surgery an interesting process (tugging and pulling and cauterization, yikes.) Here's hoping you've met your lifetime quota on surgery! -
fallleaves - lol! All of my in-laws are physicians or nurses, I worked in the medical field as well, so there is no shock value attached to surgery for me - that is probably why I found it interesting. I also realized that because I was numb they were free to manhandle me and I knew how much it was going to hurt when the local anesthetic wore off! I can only imagine how it is when we are not conscious to know about it! While I was looking at the tray I saw the instruments, suturing supplies and the actual piece that was excised - that is how I know how big they were. It took me a second to figure out what I was looking at! I am absolutely sure I am not done with surgery - I will have a breast revision in Feb, followed by another round of fat grafting shortly after. I see the dermatologist every six months, and for the last two years they have found something to remove. Prior to that they usually found something every year or two - all that sun-tanning in my youth is coming back to haunt me. Much as I would like to make Vitamin D the natural way - can't do it! I believe one of the reasons my level was so low is because I have been out of the sun for the last 20 years. It was amusing for the MOHS surgery they do real-time pathology, so you wait for the report and they go back in and take another layer out until a healthy border is reached - it was me and a bunch of elderly gentlemen who had bandaids on their noses, ears, cheeks and necks. They couldn't see my back, so they probably thought I was in the waiting area trolling for a new husband, lol!
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Clearly, SpecialK, you are NOT a squeamish person! That MOHS surgery every 6 months sounds like a really, really not fun way to spend the day. At least you have made me feel better about avoiding the sun since I was 17 (I know I looked like a dork in college when everyone else was lying out in the sun, and I was covering myself up with the school newspaper). Funny image of you and a room full of elderly gentlemen---I'm sure they wouldn't have minded if you had been trolling for a rich older man! -
fallleaves - hard to tell which of the older men was rich, lol! I am happily married for 30 years to a man rich in love, generosity, laughter, and empathy - he is all I need! Yes, I am un-squeamish, and yes, you were smart to avoid the sun. I grew up in California, so this was hard to do, and I am old enough that sunscreen had not yet been invented, so we baby oiled and were oblivious to the hazards. I had my first skin cancer when I was 35, so more than 20 years ago. I have been well behaved since then, alas the occurrences seem to be speeding up, not slowing down. The good news is that they have all been basal cell carcinomas - relatively harmless, and I am faithful about the skin checks every six months so we get them early. These three on my back were larger, and one was a recurrence so they were a bit more aggressive in treating them.
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SpecialK, glad to hear they are basal cell carcinomas, though still not pleasant to have to get rid of on a regular basis, I'm sure. Sounds like you have a good guy there! I do too (27 years for us). He's a So-Cal boy who grew up well tanned. That's probably what caught my eye! He looked really good throwing that frisbee, bare chested and brown, in those white shorts, lol. Which reminds me, I need to nag him to get his back mapped again....
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